1. American
wanted to trade with both England and France. The Early Republic
Lesson 1 Tennessee Becomes a State
SPI
4.5.10 Recognize the accomplishments that John Sevier contributed to Tennessee history (i.e., State of Franklin’s one and only governor, Tennessee’s first governor, United Stated Congressman, soldier).
After the Revolutionary War what is now Tennessee became part of the state of North Carolina. The North Carolina government was too far away to offer much help. In 1784 the settlers of East Tennessee thought they should control themselves. A meeting was held in Jonesborough. The members of the meeting voted to write Congress and ask if they could become a state. Without waiting for Congress to reply they named the new state Franklin and voted John Sevier as the first governor. North Carolina decided not to give up this land, and Congress did not recognize the area as a state. The state quickly fell apart.
Five years later in 1789 North Carolina approved the United States Constitution. The western lands of North Carolina were turned over to the United States government at this time. In 1790 President George Washington made William Blount governor of the new territory. The 1795 census showed that the territory had enough people to become a state. Blount called for a convention to write a constitution and named the new state Tennessee. They decided Knoxville would be the capital. On June 1, 1796 Tennessee became the 16th state. John Sevier was elected the first governor of Tennessee. The Tennessee Constitution remained in effect until 1835 when a new constitution was written.
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Quiz
At first the land that is now Tennessee was part of this state.
Georgia
North Carolina
Virginia
South Carolina
The settlers of East Tennessee wanted to break away and become their own state. They wanted to call this new state _____________________.
Sevier
Jonesborough
Franklin
_________________ was voted as the first governor of the new state.
John Sevier
Ben Franklin
Sam Houston
Andrew Jackson
The state fell apart quickly when _________________.
John Sevier died.
A tornado ripped apart the land.
North Carolina did not want to give up the land, so Congress did not recognize the area as a state.
Tennessee became a state when ______________.
the area had enough people
George Washington came to visit
William Blount asked Congress to vote
____________________ became the first capital.
Tennessee was the _________state.
14th
15th
16th
17th
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Lesson 2 Louisiana Purchase / Lewis and Clark
SPIs
4.5.13 Analyze how the Louisiana Purchase influenced the growth of the United States (i.e., increased size, encouraged expansion, increased natural resources).
4.5.9 Determine the influence Lewis and Clark’s expedition had on westward expansion.
The Louisiana Purchase
After the Northwest Ordinance was written Tennessee and Kentucky asked to join the United States even though they were not part of the Northwest Territory. Congress began using the Northwest Ordinance rules for other territories. Tennessee became a state in 1796 and Kentucky in 1792.
In 1796 John Adams was elected the second President of the United States. In 1803 Ohio became the 17th state. Thomas Jefferson was elected the third president.
From the Northwest Territory farmers were sending furs, grains, whiskey, and tobacco down the Mississippi to trade in Europe. New Orleans was a main link of transportation. At this point New Orleans did not belong to the United States. Spain had taken New Orleans from France in 1762. In 1800 Spain secretly sold the land back to France.
Napoleon wanted the land for a French empire in the Americas. Jefferson heard about the secret sale. Jefferson knew Napoleon needed money because he was ready for another war in Europe. By this time Napoleon no longer wanted the land in America.
Jefferson sent three men to ask Napoleon to sell New Orleans. Napoleon wanted to sell all French land west of the Mississippi and New Orleans for $15 million. Jefferson asked Congress if he could buy the land. At first Jefferson was afraid the President couldn't buy the land because it was not in the Constitution that he could. Congress approved the sale in October of 1803. The land was called the Louisiana Purchase. Americans took over the land in December 1803. This land totaled over 500 million acres. The cost per acre was about three cents.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Jefferson sent two young army officers, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, to find out all they could about the new land. They were to:
Look for the beginnings of the Missouri River.
Find a way through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.
Learn about the Indians.
Find out about plants, animals, minerals (coal, oil, gas, gold, silver, etc.).
Make maps.
Lewis and Clark took 27 other men with them. They started their journey in St. Louis in May of 1804. The traveled 1,600 miles up the Missouri until they reached what is now South Dakota. There they found an Indian girl named Sacagawea. They hired her and her husband to guide them through the Rocky Mountains.
On the journey they traveled by wagon, canoe, and by foot. They crossed the mountains and found the Columbia River. They followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Lewis and Clark took a different route back home. They returned in 1806. During the trip only one man died from an illness. Descriptions and reports were written up in newspapers for everyone to read.
Zebulon Pike
In 1805 another officer, Zebulon Pike, was sent to explore the Mississippi River. On his second trip he traveled across the plains to the Rocky Mountains and into the Southwest. Pike traveled to Santa Fe in New Mexico. He opened up trade between the Spanish settlers and the Americans in the East. Pike found a high peak that was 14,110 feet tall. It was named after him - Pike's Peak.
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Quiz
a. Jefferson planned to buy all that land.
b. Jefferson wanted the port of New Orleans only, but was offered
the whole territory.
c. The United States won in a war with France.
d. Jefferson wanted to give it to Sacagawea and her followers.
_____True _____False
_____True _____False
a. Lewis and Clark
b. Pike and Jefferson
c. Columbus and Ponce de Leon
a. Washington
b. Adams
c. Jefferson
d. Madison
e. Monroe
a. Mississippi
b. Ohio
c. Missouri
a. to the Atlantic Ocean
b. through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean
c. to Mexico City
a. learn about the Indians
b. find out about plants, animals, and minerals
c. find the Grand Canyon
d. make maps
a. Sacagawea
b. Pocahontas
c. Little Feather
a. Vespucci
b. Pike
c. Columbus
a. Spanish
b. French
c. Dutch
a. Rainer
b. Pike's
c. Clark's
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Lesson 3 War of 1812 & The National Anthem
War broke out in Europe form 1803 - 1815. America wanted to stay out of this war. The problem was that neither England nor France wanted the Americans to trade with the other. In 1806 Napoleon, the ruler of France, passed a law that any ship trading with the English would be taken by the French. This law made it impossible for any ship trading with England to also trade with France.
The British passed a law in 1807 which said that all ships trading in Europe had to stop in England first. American shippers were in trouble. They could no longer trade in Europe.
Another problem was the British navy had trouble keeping sailors. The men were whipped by their officers without a hearing. Even small crimes like smoking were punishable by whipping. Many men refused to serve in the navy because of this. Others deserted when they reached American ports. Some British soldiers that deserted from their own navy signed up to sail on American ships. The British did not like losing sailors and began stopping the American ships and taking their sailors. About 9,000 American sailors became British sailors in this way. The American government complained to the British government, but since Britain did not have enough sailors of their own they planned to keep taking sailors in this way.
In June 1807 and American warship named Chesapeake was leaving Europe. She was stopped by the British gunboat, the Leopard. The captain of the Leopard demanded to board the American ship to search for British deserters. The American captain refused to let the British men come aboard. The British ship fired on the Chesapeake. Three Americans were killed and 18 others were wounded. The British boarded the ship and took off four American sailors. They claimed they were British deserters then sailed away.
The American people were angry and wanted to go to war with England over this. President Jefferson did not want war. Jefferson asked Congress to pass a law saying that American ships could no longer trade with any nation. American ships were to stay in port. This is called embargo. Embargo on American goods did not even slow the war between England and France. Embargo put thousands of Americans sailors out of work and ship owners lost thousands of dollars.
In 1808 James Madison was elected President. A group of men in the Congress called the War Hawks said the British were asking for war. The War Hawks claimed the British were causing the Indian attacks on the settlers in the Northwest Territory. Many Americans agreed with the War Hawks and wanted a war with England.
Some other reasons they wanted a war with England were:
Farmers in the Northwest Territory wanted the fertile land of British Canada to expand. The fur traders wanted the British out of British Canada also so they could take over the fur trade.
Farmers in the South wanted the land owned by Spain in Florida. Spain was a friend or ally of England.
The only people in America that did not want war were the ship owners in the Northeast.
On May 1811 an American ship called the President attacked and defeated a small British warship called the Little Belt. Many Americans were happy about this.
It had been 37 years since the Revolutionary War, so most of the soldiers who had fought in the Revolutionary War were too old to fight in a new war. The American army had only six thousand trained men. Most of these were spread out fighting the Indians.
A large army was sent to capture Canada, but they were beaten easily by the British army. Some American ships had early victories. Oliver Perry won a big battle of Lake Erie. The Constitution won a victory over a large British warship in the Atlantic. The Constitution earned the name Old Ironsides because the British cannonballs seemed to bounce off the wooden sides of the ship.
The British landed in Maryland and marched to Washington. The President and the Congress had to run from the city. The British burned the Capitol, the President's home, and other government buildings.
The British sailed up the Chesapeake Bay to Baltimore, Maryland. The British bombed Fort McHenry. The British bombed it all night. A young lawyer named Francis Scott Key was on board one of the ships. He was trying to get the British to free an American who they held prisoner. He watched the battle all night long. In the morning he wrote the Star-Spangled Banner about what he saw.
Neither side wanted the war. An agreement was made to end the war in 1814. Nobody won the war and no one lost. The question of the border between the United States and Canada was settled. Many felt the war earned America a new respect in the world.
Word was slow to reach the port of New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson beat a large British army there after the war had ended. On January 8, 1815 Andrew Jackson had his men dig trenches and wait for the British. The Americans waited for the British to march up. Many were armed with long squirrel rifles. In half an hour the battle was over. Over 2000 British were killed. The Americans lost only eight men.
The Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key was a young American lawyer. He was on a mission to ask for the release of an American who was held prisoner, Dr. William Beanes. Key went to the British fleet on the Potomac River. Key spoke to the British admiral and showed him letters from British prisoners telling how well they were being treated. If the doctor would be set free Key said he would make sure the good treatment continued. The admiral agreed, but said that Dr. Beanes must stay on board the Surprise until after the attack on Baltimore.
It was from the deck of the Surprise that Key and the doctor watched the firing on Fort McHenry. The firing went on all night. Just before morning the firing stopped. Key thought the fort had fallen to the British. At first light he saw the American flag which he called 'the star-spangled banner" still flying over the fort.
Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter that he had in his pocket. He continued to write as he was rowed ashore by the British. He rewrote part of it in his room that night.
Key's poem was printed in a handbill. Later it was set to the music of an old English song. In 1931 The Star Spangled Banner was officially adopted as the national anthem of the United States. In recent years many people have suggest changing the national anthem to America.
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Quiz
1. American
wanted to trade with both England and France.
_____ True _____False
2. In 1806
_____________________
3. He made a
law that any ship trading with the _________________________
4. Sailors
in the British Navy were treated
a. well
b. badly
5. The
British officers began to stop the American ships and take
a. women
b. food
c. cargo
d. sailors
6. In June
of 1807 an American ship named the Chesapeake was stopped by the
a. War Hawks
b. Leopard
c. French
7. The
British fired on the Americans killed 18 men.
_____ True _____False
8. President
Jefferson did not want war, so he made Congress pass a law that said Americans
could not trade with any nation.
_____ True _____False
9. A group
of men in Congress called the
_________________ wanted war with England.
a. War Hawks
b. Mighty Ducks
c. Embargo Fighters
10. Which
of the following is NOT a reason the Americans wanted war with
England __________________.
a. Americans wanted British Canada.
b. Americans wanted the British fleet of ships.
c. Americans wanted Florida.
Some of the following statements are facts. That is, they really happened. Some of the statements are opinions. That is, they tell how someone though or felt about something that happened. Decide if each of the following statements is fact or opinion.
1. America
should not have gone to war in 1812.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
2. British
ships were impressing Americans sailors into the British navy.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
3. The
British were wrong for taking American sailors.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
4. Many
sailors deserted from British navy ships.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
5. The
embargo cost American shippers thousands of dollars in lost profits.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
6. The
British ship was wrong for firing on the Chesapeake.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
7. The War
Hawks in Congress were men who wanted the United States to go to war with
England.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
8. People in
the New England states lost shipping business during the war.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
9. One
battle was fought after the war had already ended.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
10.
America would be a better national anthem than The Star-Spangled Banner.
_____ Opinion _____ Fact
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Lesson 4 The Northwest Territory/ Andrew Jackson / The Trail of Tears
SPIs
4.5.2 Identify major Tennessee political leaders (i.e., Andrew Jackson, Sam Houston, James Polk, Sequoia, David Crockett, Nancy Ward
4.5.12 Read and interpret a passage about the Trail of Tears.
After the War of 1812 and the defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers more people moved to the Northwest Territory. Ohio became a state in 1803. Soon Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin became states.
Land was cheap and good for growing groups in this area. As more people came, cities grew. The cities had stores, lumber, mills, saloons, and everything else that went with "civilization".
People in the outlying farms lived in rough cabins. Water had to be carried from streams or rivers to the cabin. They were heated with fire in fireplaces.
By 1824 one-third of America's population lived west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Feeling on sectional loyalty had an effect on the Presidential elections. The first six Presidents had come from either Massachusetts or Virginia. By 1820 people in other parts of the nation wanted a President to come from one of their states.
President Andrew Jackson won the election of 1828. Jackson was a frontiersman and an Indian fighter. He was a hero in the War of 1812. Jackson led the American troops in the Battle of New Orleans. Jackson was from Tennessee. He had served in the Congress. Although Jackson was not very well educated, he believed all citizens had the right to hold office and to vote. Jackson had been a successful lawyer and judge before becoming President.
Jackson hated Indians and made many leave their homes. He passed a law that no Indians could live east of the Mississippi River.
After American raids into Florida between 1810 and 1813 the Spanish decided to sell that land to the United States. A treaty with Spain was signed in 1819 giving Florida to the United States.
The Cherokee Indians of the early 1800's were intelligent and hard-working people. Most could read. Many wore "white man's" clothing. Some lived in log cabins and others lived in large houses.
A Cherokee named Sequoyah made an alphabet for his language so it could be read and written as well as spoken.
In 1826 the Cherokee tribe held a convention and drafted a tribal constitution. In 1828 an Indian newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix was published in Georgia. As early as 1802 the state of Georgia and the federal government had signed an agreement with the Indians that stated that the Indian land belonged to Georgia.
The federal government said it would help get the Indians off their land. In 1829 President Jackson had a "removal bill" introduced to Congress. The bill said that all Cherokee Indians would have to move to a reservation in Oklahoma. Georgia took the Indians' land and began to break it into small pieces to be given to the white settlers. All contracts between Indians and whites were canceled. Anyone owing money to an Indian didn't have to pay. Some whites attacked and burned the Indians' homes.
Chief of the Cherokee, John Ross, took his case to the United States Supreme Court. He claimed Georgia had no right to do what it was doing to his people. John Marshal, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, made a ruling in 1832. He ruled with sympathy, but he ruled against the Cherokees.
Indian leaders were arrested and their homes were taken away. The Phoenix was closed down by U. S. soldiers.
In 1835 two Cherokees who were not elected leaders of the tribe signed a treaty with the federal government. The treaty arranged for the Indians to move away from Georgia. They had two years to leave.
Chief Ross said the treaty was not good because no elected leader had signed it. More than 16,000 Cherokees signed a petition asking that the treaty be canceled. President Jackson refused.
Between 1836 and 1838 some Cherokees moved to the Oklahoma Territory. Fifteen thousand remained in Georgia. In 1838 ten thousand American troops were sent to Georgia to remove the Cherokees from the land they had lived on as long as anyone could remember. They were taken to a makeshift prison until the trip west could begin. Many Indians got sick in the crowded prisons. The white men sold the Indians bad whiskey and food.
The trip to Oklahoma began in cold weather. The Indians were forced to move first by flatboat then on foot. Some escaped to North Carolina and hid in the mountains. More than four thousand Indians including Chief Ross's wife died on the trip. One fourth of the tribe died on the trail known as the "Trail of Tears".
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Quiz
Fill in the table below using the following words:
| cotton | furs | tobacco | cloth |
| slaves did much of the hard labor | cloth | Northwest | hard for the farmers |
| Section | Products | Way of Living |
| Northeast |
|
|
| Southeast |
|
|
|
|
|
Rough life, much hardship, more democratic |
7. By 1824
_________________ of America's population was living west of the Appalachian
Mountains.
a. 1/3
b. 1/2
c. 1/4
8. Andrew
Jackson was elected in1828 as the seventh President. He believed all citizens
had the right to_______________ .
a. hold office and vote
b. live where they wanted
c. kill Indians
9. A
Cherokee named ___________________ made an alphabet for his language.
a. Sitting Bull
b. Tecumseh
c. Pontiac
d. Sequoyah
10. In 1828
an Indian newspaper called the______________________ was published in Georgia.
a. River Phoenix
b. Tomahawk
c. Cherokee Phoenix
11. In 1802
President____________________ had a "removal Bill" introduced in Congress.
a. Jackson
b. Van Buren
c. Harrison
d. Tyler
12. The bill
said that all Cherokee Indians would _____________________.
a. pay taxes
b. move to reservations in Oklahoma
c. live in the fort
13. All
contracts between the Indians and white people were ________________ .
a. enforced
b. canceled
14. Chief of
the Cherokees named John Ross took his case to the United States Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court _______________ with the Indians.
a. agreed
b. disagreed
15.
______________________ refused to obey the court and the Indians were removed
from their homes.
a. The soldiers
b. President Jackson
c. The people living in Georgia
16. In May
of 1838_________________ American troops were sent to Georgia to remove the
Cherokees from the land they had lived on as long as anyone could remember.
a. 10,000
b. 20,000
c. 30,000
17.
__________________________ Indians died on the trip to Oklahoma.
a. Many
b. A few
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Lesson 5 The Fight for Texas
SPIs
4.5.2 Identify major Tennessee political leaders (i.e., Andrew Jackson, Sam Houston, James Polk, Sequoia, David Crockett, Nancy Ward).
In 1820 the first American settlers came to Texas. At this time Texas was part of northern Mexico. The first Americans came with a man named Moses Austin. Moses had permission from Mexico to bring Americans to Texas to settle, raise cattle, and have farms.
In 1821 the people living in Mexico rebelled against Spain and won their independence. Moses Austin died.
His son, Stephen Austin, carried on as a the leader of the Americans. The Americans had been allowed to come to Texas under certain rules:
They could only come in limited numbers.
Slavery was forbidden.
All Americans coming to Texas had to become Roman Catholics
By 1830 twenty thousand Americans were living in Texas. Many refused to follow the Mexican rules. Many were Protestants and didn't want to become Catholics. Other wanted to use slaves.
The Mexican government ruled that no more Americans could move to Texas. In 1835 the problem turned into a war. The Mexican soldiers tried to force the Mexican rules on the Texans. Small bands of Texans fought the Mexican soldiers in a number of battles.
The most famous battle happened in February 1836. The Mexican leader General Antonio Santa Anna crossed the Rio Grande River to fight Americans with 2,000 soldiers. The soldiers marched to the city of San Antonio where 188 Americans were holding out in an old Spanish mission church called the Alamo.
Inside the Alamo were many famous Americans. Davy Crockett was there. Jim Bowie was also in the Alamo. Bowie was a famous Indian fighter who developed a knife called the Bowie knife.
For thirteen days and nights the Americans held out against the Mexican force. Finally the Mexicans overran the mission. All the Americans were killed. "Remember the Alamo" became a saying of all Americans in Texas.
Two weeks later at Goliad, Santa Anna fought another battle the Americans. He took 400 prisoners and had them all killed.
On March 2, 1836 the Texans declared their freedom from Mexico. The Texans called themselves the Lone Star Republic. Sam Houston was named the leader of the Texan army. In April of 1868 Houston and the Texan army surprised the Mexican army near San Jacinto River and won. Santa Anna was captured. He was forced to sign an agreement that Texas could be free of Mexico. As soon as he was freed he refused to recognize the agreement.
Houston was made president of the republic. The government sent Houston to Washington to ask that Texas be allowed to join the Union. Congress was not sure because:
The argument went on in Congress for the next nine years. In March 1845 Congress took Texas into the Union as the 28th state.
Mexico was angry and thought the Americans would also take California. California was then part of Mexico. President Polk sent some men to try to settle the problem peacefully. The men tried to buy Texas and California. The Mexicans refused.
Congress declared a war between the two nations. In September 1847 American troops captured Mexico City, the capital.
In February 1848 a peace treaty was signed. The Rio Grande River was to be the border between the two nations. The United States also got California and all of the land that is now New Mexico. Mexico was paid $15 million dollars for the property.
Twenty-eight years passed since Austin took settlers to Texas. In this time the United States had six different Presidents:
| Adams | Jackson | Van Buren | Harrison | Tyler | Polk |
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
Quiz
1. Mexico said Austin could bring only a limited number of Americans to Texas.
_____ True _____False
2. All the
American settlers in Texas had to become Protestant according to Mexican law.
_____ True _____False
3. One of the
problems that arose between the Texans and the Mexicans was that the Americans
wanted slavery to be allowed in that area.
_____ True _____False
4. The Mexicans
were defeated at the Battle of the Alamo.
_____ True _____False
5. "Remember
the Alamo" became a Texas saying.
_____ True _____False
6. The New
Texas Republic was called the Sam Houston Republic.
_____ True _____False
7. Texas was
the 25th state to be admitted to the Union.
_____ True _____False
8. Texas became
a state in 1845.
_____ True _____False
9. The United
States got Texas and California after the war with Mexico.
_____ True _____False
10. The Texan
army captured Santa Anna in a battle at ____________ .
a. Mexico City
b. San Jacinto River
c. the Alamo
d. Goliad
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»
««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»««««»»»»